virus Virus LOTTERY, attendance envelope. Flu has envelope, cold no. HPV life cycle (for project) Poliovirus Vaccine Trial Shows Promise for Brain Tumor Better batteries through viruses
HIV Capsid also injected, but digested. HIV life cycle: reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease (44 MB) (HHMI) HIV life cycle: reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease (44 MB)
HIV diversity HIV treatment: AZT blocks reverse transcriptase (HHMI) HIV treatment: Ritonavir protease inhibitor (HHMI) Retroviruses and retroviral-like transposons: jumping viruses Endogenous retroviruses: life cycle and ancestral implications Repetitive DNA: LINEs, SINEs, and ALUs (transposons); whales and hippos, oh my
flu Respiratory system, nasal; 8 negative sense strands -> positive mRNA; RNA dependent RNA polymerase
Subtypes = alleles, but no parents; surface proteins=antigens.
Hemagglutinin (H) 17 subtypes (3 human): entry, Neuraminidase (N) 9 subtypes: exit.
Vaccines are H1N1, H3N2, + B strain = trivalent; nasal spray was attenuatedrather than inactivated. Therapeutic antibodies neutralize the flu virus: an alternative to vaccines?
bird-flu Flu A can be bird/swine (also B, C) Hong Kong 1968. Vaccine 2 A + 1 B each year.
Pigs can get flu from birds & humans, recombine -> human H1N1
Genetic recombination in flu virus (Note: no crossing over) (HHMI) Dengue Virus structure: like other flaviviruses such as Zika and West Nile Dengue virus enters cell by endocytosis (HHMI) Dengue has lipid envelope, CAPSID and RNA genome; ZIKA skin cells? Dengue virus lecture by Eva Harris, 2010 6:30-8:00 enters cell by endocytosis
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Banana, orange... honey locust, K. coffee are fruits.
Fruits have seeds, inside are embryos. So is peanut: eat embryo + food/nutrients for embryo.
Seeds on Cavendish banana inferior ovary? Ripe dots; eat ovary.
Reproduce cloning; underground stem suckers.
Easy clone plants - genetically identical; do not go thru embryo: apple graft.
Animals harder, especially mammals - embryo stage - except hydra.

Egg: 2ndary oocyte. Diploid cell is unnatural: not really zygote/Fallopian - how to fool?

So zygote undergoes mitosis -> early embryo undifferentiated (same DNA) expression.

Inner cell mass/placenta with uterine wall: "cleavage".

Stem cells therapy - spinal cord damage.