Below are a few
major topics for this chapter.
Note: these are
NOT the only topics you should know;
you are expected to master everything discussed in this chapter.
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DNA structure
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Genomes, chromosomes, genes
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Alleles, genotype and phenotype
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Gene expression: transcription and translation
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Transcription: producing RNA transcript from DNA
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Translation: ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA
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Genetic code: codons on mRNA
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tRNA structure
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Mutations: substitution, frame-shift
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Genetic engineering
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Using plasmids to produce recombinant DNA
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PCR: heat, cool, base-pair
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Restriction enzyme: restriction sites and recombinant DNA
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Cloning by nuclear transfer
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Gel electrophoresis: separation of DNA fragments
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DNA fingerprinting: identify individuals by restriction fragments