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Below are a few major topics for this chapter. Note: these are NOT the only topics you should know; you are expected to master everything discussed in this chapter.

• Hint Cell theory
• Hint Structure of plasma membrane: phospholipid bilayer
• Hint Nucleus and nucleolus
• Hint Endomembrane system
• Hint Mitochondrion
• Hint Chloroplast
• Hint Cytoskeleton: microtubules
• Hint Diffusion: movement down a concentration gradient
• Hint Osmosis: diffusion of water through a membrane
• Hint Tonicity: isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
• Hint Active transport: pumping up a concentration gradient
• Hint Endocytosis
• Hint Exocytosis
• Hint Endosymbiosis: chloroplasts and mitochondria